Thanks to Prince Świętopełk II the Great, Gdańsk obtained city rights (of the Lübeck type). The ruler 's son and last prince of the Gdańsk Pomerania, Mściwoj II also called Mestwin, bestowed his land to Przemysł II, Prince of Great Poland in an act drawn in Kępno in 1282. That was a step of great political significance, as it enabled unification of the Polish territories. However, in view of the chaos that spread in Gdańsk following the death of the Czech king Vaclav (the Święc family having sold Pomerania to the Margraves of Brandenburg), the governor of the castle, Bogusza, called on the Teutonic Knights for help. Those, having captured the castle in 1308 butchered the population. Since then the event is known as "the Gdańsk slaughter ".

The determined struggle of the Gdańsk inhabitants to shake off the Teutonic yoke was long. Having said that, it is worth noting that under the Order 's rule the city gained e.g. its Radunia canal and the Grand Mill built upon it, the most imposing secular structure of the port and castle-town. The mill was fitted with eighteen wheels and generated immense profit.

Other tangible benefit Gdańsk gained both under the Teutonic rule and later, after the peace treaty of Toruń, came from its membership in the Union of Hanseatic Towns (1361 ?1669). The city 's role of an ancient emporium was well captured by a Polish poet of the time who called it "the old lion of the mighty Hansa ". While Lübeck was depicted as the warehouse, Bremen likened to the key, and Hamburg to the lock, Gdańsk was compared to the lion bravely guarding the opulent granaries of Hansa.

After the Teutonic defeat in the battle of Grunwald [Tannenberg](1410), Gdańsk pledged allegiance to the Polish king. However, the Teutonic rule of the city came to an end only in 1454.The knights were ousted, and their fortress at the mouth of Radunia canal was razed to the ground, sharing its fate with the whole so-called New City.

King Casimir the Jagiellonian incorporated Gdańsk into the Crown and conferred numerous privileges onto the city. The document establishing the most important privilege called "The Great" was signed on 15th May 1457. The city took over extensive property previously held by the Teutonic Order. Its authorities and local merchants gained numerous rights. Gdańsk began to mint its own coin. It is since those times that the city 's coat of arms of two crosses has had the Jagiellonian royal crown added on top. The crown and the Polish eagle became a frequently used motif that adorned the works of the local craftsmen and artists, and locally printed books. The largest chamber of Main City Hall was decorated with portraits of the Polish rulers.

Reformation that reached Gdańsk as early as in the twenties of 16th century radically changed the religious face of the city. The Protestants ardently fighting for the freedom of faith were finally successful. From then on the tolerant city and its vicinities would give shelter to various religious dissidents. Numerous Dutch Mennonites and Scots, Huguenots and Jews found their haven here.
In 1580 the most famous Protestant school located in the post-Franciscan monastery of the Old Suburb was raised to the status of an Academic Gymnasium and became the pride of the city.

That ancient Gdańsk, affluent and recognized in Europe, a melting pot of nations, cultures, faiths, and tongues, the most international Polish city, formed a unique community of diversity. Polish writers of the times held a grudge against it, though the cause lay not in its cosmopolitan nature, but arrogance towards the Polish kings. And yet, facing the Swedish threat the city did not spare sacrifice to stage a determined defence winning the tough test of iron and gold. In 1734,besieged by the Russians and Saxons Gdańsk rose again in defence of honour and the Polish throne of king Stanisław Leszczyński.

Alas, following the 2nd partition of Poland the city could no longer escape Prussian annexation. Its hopes put in Napoleon 's new order turned out futile. Taken over by the French in 1807 Gdańsk did gain the status of a Free City, however retained it only until 1814.

The following forty years are sometimes referred to as the times of a great crisis, decline, and economic catastrophe of the city. Substantial changes began only in the 1860-ies. The city landscape was gradually cleared of the remains of ancient fortifications. Gdańsk gained a modern water and sewer system, many public institutions, and efficient traffic routes.

In June 1919, under the Versailles Treaty Gdańsk becomes a Free City supervised by the League of Nations represented by its High Commissioners. The thirties witnessed a mounting wave of Nazism and terror that hit particularly hard on the personnel of the Polish Railway and Post, social and political activists, Polish priests and teachers, and the local Jews whose Great Synagogue was pulled down in May 1939.

On 1st September 1939 the armoured ship, Schlezwig-Holstein, began shelling the Polish military post on Westerplatte. This was the breakout of the Second World War.

Recaptured by the troops of the II Belarus Front in March 1945, Gdańsk was soon reduced to a sea of ruins. Fortunately, the destroyers left the scene replaced by builders, conservators, and artists who spent another fifty odd years bringing the city back to its previous glamour.

The ancient residents of Gdańsk had a notorious opinion of being restive and non-submissive. They were said to be tough and bold to any oppressor.
Today, despite the fact that after the "great migrations " following the war Gdańsk is no longer the same city, the same immortal "spirit of the place "prevented the new residents from consenting to the evil brought about by the subsequent variation of totalitarian rule.

Throughout the post-war period Gdańsk has invariably remained the synonym of Polish aspirations to and actions aiming at freedom. December 1970 left a tragic mark on the city and its inhabitants. Shots fired at the striking workers took their toll. Today, the famous "Three Crosses" or Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers that stands at the gates to the Gdańsk Shipyard honours the memory of the victims.

Contemporary historians consider the "Gdańsk August "of 1980 the breakthrough that triggered the process of decomposition of the post-war order on the Old Continent. The mass strikes staged then led to signing the famous August Agreement at the Gdańsk Shipyard. This formed a crack in the block that gradually led to the emergence of a new political map of Europe. Gdańsk earned another image. It became the city the world will always associate with free trade unions, "Solidarity ", and the winner of the Nobel peace prize and first President of the III Republic of Poland - Lech Wałęsa.

In 1997 Gdańsk celebrated its millennium and worshipped its patron, St Adalbert, thanks to whom the name of the city on the Motława River was first mentioned in written records. Widely open to the world, Gdańsk has always been a European city to the core. "Nec temere, nec timide", i.e. fearlessly but reasonably, is its motto one can read in Latin on the city 's grand coat of arms. History has travelled a full circle. The contemporary Gdańsk rings with life as in the olden days, and retaining its memories of the past is building its own, separate identity.